How many characteristic symptoms are required for a diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder?

To diagnose Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), the presence of five or more characteristic symptoms is required. These symptoms must be present during the same two-week period and represent a change from previous functioning. The symptoms can include a depressed mood, loss of interest or pleasure in activities, significant weight loss or gain, insomnia or hypersomnia, psychomotor agitation or retardation, fatigue, feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt, diminished ability to think or concentrate, and recurrent thoughts of death or suicidal ideation.

The criterion of needing at least five symptoms is crucial in distinguishing MDD from other conditions, and it helps clinicians identify the disorder with more specificity. The threshold of five symptoms can account for the variability in how depression can manifest among individuals, allowing for a clearer clinical understanding and appropriate treatment planning. This criterion is outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), which is the authoritative guide for diagnosing mental health conditions.