What primary symptoms characterize Autism Spectrum Disorder?

The primary symptoms that characterize Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) focus on core deficits in communication and the presence of repetitive behaviors. Individuals with ASD often struggle with understanding and engaging in social interactions, which includes challenges in both verbal and non-verbal communication. This can manifest as difficulty in initiating conversations, maintaining eye contact, and interpreting social cues.

In addition, repetitive behaviors are a hallmark of ASD. These can include repetitive movements, such as hand-flapping or rocking, as well as adherence to routines and a strong preference for sameness. Individuals might exhibit intense interests in specific topics and can often become distressed by changes in their environment or routines.

While social withdrawal and emotional dysregulation can be observed in some individuals with ASD, they are not considered primary characteristics of the disorder. Similarly, severe anxiety, phobic reactions, language disorders, and psychiatric illnesses can co-occur with ASD, but they are not defining features of the disorder itself. Therefore, the focus on communication deficits and repetitive behaviors accurately captures the core characteristics of Autism Spectrum Disorder.