Which disorder is characterized by alternating episodes of mania and depression?

Bipolar Disorder is characterized by alternating episodes of mania and depression, which is a hallmark feature of this condition. During manic episodes, individuals may experience elevated mood, increased energy levels, decreased need for sleep, and impulsive behavior. In contrast, depressive episodes are marked by feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and a lack of interest in previously enjoyed activities.

The alternating nature of these mood states is what distinguishes Bipolar Disorder from other psychological disorders. For example, Major Depressive Disorder primarily involves persistent depressive episodes without the manic phases. Borderline Personality Disorder involves difficulties with emotional regulation and interpersonal relationships but is not defined specifically by manic and depressive episodes. Sociopathy, often referred to in the context of Antisocial Personality Disorder, is characterized by patterns of disregard for others' rights and feelings rather than mood disruptions. Thus, Bipolar Disorder is uniquely defined by the cyclic nature of manic and depressive states.